The analysis and improvement of focused source reproduction with wave field synthesis

Oldfield, RG 2013, The analysis and improvement of focused source reproduction with wave field synthesis , PhD thesis, University of Salford.

Preview

PDF Download (13MB) | Preview

Abstract

This thesis presents a treatise on the rendering of focused sources using wave field synthesis (WFS). The thesis describes the fundamental theory of WFS and presents a thorough derivation of focused source driving functions including, monopoles, dipoles and pistonic sources. The principle characteristics of focused sources including, array truncation, spatial aliasing, pre-echo artefacts, colouration and amplitude errors are analysed in depth and a new spatial aliasing criterion is presented for focused sources. Additionally a new secondary source selection protocol is presented allowing for directed and symmetrically rendered sources. This thesis also describes how the low frequency rendering of focused sources is limited by the focusing ability of the loudspeaker array and thus derives a formula to predict the focusing limits and the corresponding focal shift that occurs at low frequencies and with short arrays. Subsequently a frequency dependent position correction is derived which increases the positional accuracy of the source. Other characteristics and issues with the rendering of focused sources are also described including the use of large arrays, rendering of moving focused sources, issues with multiple focused sources in the scene, the phase response, and the focal point size of focused sound field. The perceptual characteristics are also covered, with a review of the literature and a series of subjective tests into the localisation of focused sources. It is shown that an improvement in the localisation can be achieved by including the virtual first order images as point sources into the WFS rendering. Practical rendering of focused sources is generally done in compromised scenarios such as in non-anechoic, reverberant rooms which contain various scattering objects. These issues are also covered in this thesis with the aid of finite difference time domain models which allow the characterisation of room effects on the reproduced field, it is shown that room effects can actually even out spatial aliasing artefacts and therefore reduce the perception of colouration. Scattering objects can also be included in the model, thus the effects of scattering are also shown and a method of correcting for the scattering is suggested. Also covered is the rendering of focused sources using elevated arrays which can introduce position errors in the rendering.

Item Type:	Thesis (PhD)
Contributors:	Drumm, IA (Supervisor)
Themes:	Built and Human Environment Media, Digital Technology and the Creative Economy
Schools:	Schools > School of Computing, Science and Engineering Schools > School of Computing, Science and Engineering > Salford Innovation Research Centre
Funders:	Non funded research
Depositing User:	RG Oldfield
Date Deposited:	11 Dec 2013 12:40
Last Modified:	21 Dec 2021 13:45
References:	Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I. A. (1965). Handbook of mathematical functions: with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables, Dover publications. Ahrens, J. (2012). Analytic Methods of Sound Field Synthesis, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. Ahrens, J., and Spors, S. (2007). “Implementation of directional sources in wave field synthesis,” IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, 66 – 69. Ahrens, J., and Spors, S. (2008). “Notes on Rendering Focused Directional Virtual Sound Sources in Wave Field Synthesis,” 34th Annual German Conference on Acoustics (DAGA), Dresden. Ahrens, J., and Spors, S. (2008). “Focusing of virtual sound sources in higher order Ambisonics,” 124th Conv. Audio Engi. Soc., Amsterdam. Ahrens, J., and Spors, S. (2010). “Sound Field Reproduction Using Planar and Linear Arrays of Loudspeakers,” IEEE Transactions On Audio Speech And Language Processing, 18, 2038–2050. doi:10.1109/TASL.2010.2041106 Ahrens, J., and Spors, S. (2011). “On the Scattering of Synthetic Sound Fields,” 130th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., London, UK. Allen, J. B., and Berkley, D. A. (1979). “Image method for efficiently simulating small-room acoustics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 65, 943 – 950. Batke, J.-M., Spille, J., Kropp, H., Abeling, S., Shirley, B., and Oldfield, R. G. (2011). “Spatial Audio Processing for Interactive TV Services,” 130th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., London, UK. Bech, S. (1998). “Spatial aspects of reproduced sound in small rooms,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 434 – 445. Begault, D. (1994). 3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia, Academic Press. Berenger, J. P. (1994). “A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves,” J. comp. phys., 14, 185 – 200. Berkhout, A. ., De Vries, D., and Vogel, P. (1993). “Acoustic control by wave field synthesis,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 2764 – 2778. Berkhout, A. J. (1988). “A Holographic Approach to Acoustic Control,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 36, 977–995. Bianchi, L., Antonacci, F., Canclini, A., Sarti, A., and Tubaro, S. (2012). “A Psychoacoustic-Based Analysis of the Impact of Pre-Echoes and Post-Echoes in Soundfield Rendering Applications,” International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement,. Blauert, J. (1997). Spatial Hearing (rev. ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Boone, M., and Horbach, U. (1999). “Virtual surround speakers with wave field synthesis,” 106th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Munich. Boone, M. M., and De Bruijn, W. P. J. (2000). “On the Applicability of Distributed Mode Loudspeaker Panels for Wave Field Synthesis Based Sound Reproduction,” 108th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Paris. Boone, M., Verheijen, E. N. G., and Jansen, G. (1996). “Virtual Reality by Sound Reproduction Based on Wave Field Synthesis,” 100th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Copenhagen, Denmark. Bork, I. (2000). “A comparison of room simulation software-The 2nd round robin on room acoustical computer simulation,” Acta Acustica United With Acustica, 86, 943 – 956. Born, M., and Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 7th ed. Botteldooren, D. (1995). “Finite-difference time-domain simulation of low frequency room acoustic problems,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 98, 3302–3308. De Bruijn, W. (2004). Application of Wave Field Synthesis in Videoconferencing, PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands,. De Bruijn, W. P. J., and Boone, M. M. (2003). “Application of Wave Field Synthesis in Life-size Videoconferencingv,” 114th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam. Brungart, D. S., Durlach, N. I., and Rabinowitz, W. M. (1999). “Auditory localization of nearby sources II Localization of a broadband source,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 106, 1956 – 1968. Caulkins, T., Corteel, E., and Warusfel, O. (2003). “Wave field synthesis interaction with the listening environment, improvements in the reproduction of virtual sources situated inside the listening room,” 6th Int. Conf. on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-03), London. Chen, X., Schwarz, K. Q., and Parker, K. J. (1993). “Radiation pattern of a focused transducer: A numerically convergent solution,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 94, 2979 – 2991. Corteel, E. (2006). “On the Use of Irregularly Spaced Loudspeaker Arrays for Wave Field Synthesis, Potential Impact on Spatial Aliasing Frequency,” 9th International Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-06), Montréal, PQ, Canada. Corteel, E. (2006). “Equalization in an Extended Area Using Multichannel Inversion and Wave Field Synthesis,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 54, 1140 – 1161. Corteel, E. (2007). “Synthesis of directional sources using wave field synthesis, possibilities, and limitations,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,. Corteel, E., and Nicol, R. (2003). “Listening room compensation for wave field synthesis What can be done?,” 23rd Int. Conf. Audio Eng. Soc., Copenhagen, Denmark. Daniel, J. (2001). Représentation de champs acoustiques, application à la transmission et à la reproduction de scènes sonores complexes dans un contexte multimédia, PhD thesis Universitè Paris,PhD thesis Universitè Paris. Daniel, J., Nicol, R., and Moreau, S. (2003). “Further Investigations of High-Order Ambisonics and Wavefield Synthesis for Holophonic Sound Imaging,” 114th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam. Dickins, G., Williams, M., and Hanlen, L. W. (2005). “On the dimensionality of spatial fields with restricted angle of arrival,” IEEE Internation Symposium on Infomation Theory (ISIT), 1033 – 1037. Drumm, I. A. (2005). “The application of adaptive beam tracing and managed DirectX for the visualisation and auralisation of virtual environments,” 9th Int. Conf. on Information Visualisation, 961 – 965. Drumm, I. A., and Lam, Y. W. (2007). “Development and assessment of a finite difference time domain room acoustic prediction model that uses hall data in popular formats,” Proc. Internoise 07, Istambul, Turkey. Drumm, I. A., and Oldfield, R. G. (2010). “The prediction of synthesised wavefields within realistic room acoustics scenarios,” 20th Int. Congress on Acoustics (ICA), Syndey, Australia. Drumm, I. A., and Oldfield, R. G. (2013). “The optimisation of Wave Field Synthesis with adaptive recursive filtering for real deployment scenarios,” J. Audio Eng. Soc (Accepted for publication February 2013),. Fazi, F. M., Nelson, P. A., Christensen, J. E. N., and Seo, J. (2008). “Surround system based on three dimensional sound field reconstruction,” 125th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc.,. Fink, M. (1992). “Time reversal of ultrasonic fields I Basic principles,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 39, 555 – 566. Fink, M. (1999). “Time-reversal mirrors,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 26, 1333–1350. Fink, M. (2006). “Time-reversal acoustics,” Contempory Mathmatics, 408, 151 – 175. Franck, A., Graefe, A., Korn, T., and Strauss, M. (2007). “Reproduction of Moving Sound Sources by Wave Field Synthesis: An Analysis of Artifacts,” 32nd Int. Conf. Audio Eng. Soc., Hillerød, Denmark. Gauthier, P. A., and Berry, A. (2006). “Adaptive wave field synthesis with independent radiation mode control for active sound field reproduction: Theory,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 119, 2721 – 2737. Gauthier, P. A., and Berry, A. (2007). “Objective Evaluation of Room Effects on Wave Field Synthesis,” Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 93, 824 – 836. Geier, M., Wierstorf, H., Ahrens, J., and Wechsung, I. (2010). “Perceptual evaluation of focused sources in wave field synthesis,” 128th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc, London, UK. Gerzon, M. A. (1973). “Periphony: With-height sound reproduction,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 21, 2 – 10. Haas, H. (1951). “Über den Einfluss eines Einfachechos auf die Hörsamkeit von Sprache / [’On the influence of a single echo on the audibility of speech'],” Acustica, 1, 49 – 58. Hulsebos, E. (2004). Auralization using Wave Field Synthesis, PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands,. Hulsebos, E., De Vries, D., and Bourdillat, E. (2002). “Improved microphone array configurations for auralization of sound fields by Wave Field Synthesis,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 55, 779 – 790. Jensen, G. (1997). Focused Wavefields and Moving Virtual Sources by Wavefield Synthesis TU Delft. Katz, B. F. G. (2001). “Boundary element method calculation of individual head-related transfer function I Rigid model calculation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 110, 2440 – 2448. Kirkeby, O., Nelson, P. A., and Hamada, H. (1998). “Local sound field reproduction using two closely spaced loudspeakers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 104, 1973 – 1981. Lucas, B. G., and Muir, T. G. (1982). “The field of a focusing source,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 72, 1289 – 1296. Makov, Y. N., Espinosa, V. J., Sánchez-Morcillo, V. J., Ramis, J., Cruañes, J., and Camarena, F. (1982). “Strong on-axis focal shoft and its nonlinear variation in low-Fresnel-Number ultrasound beams,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 116, 3618 – 3624. Makov, Y. N., Sánchez-Morcillo, V. J., Camarena, F., and Espinosa, V. (2008). “Nonlinear change of on-axis pressure and intensity maxima positions and its relation with the linear focal shift effect,” Ultrasonics, 48, 678 – 686. Maloney, J., and Cummings, K. (1995). “Adaptation of FDTD techniques to acoustic modeling,” 11th Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 724 – 731. Melchior, F., Brix, S., Sporer, T., Roder, T., and Klehs, B. (2003). “Wave Field Syntheses in Combination with 2D Video Projection,” 24th Int. Conf. Audio Eng. Soc. on Multichannel Audio, Banff, Canada. Melchior, F., Sladeczek, C., De Vries, D., and Frohlich, B. (2008). “User-dependent optimization of wave Field synthesis reproduction for directive sound Fields,” 124th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Oldfield, R., Drumm, I., and Hirst, J. (2010). “The Perception of Focused Sources in Wave Field Synthesis as a Function of Listener Angle,” 128th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., London, UK. Oldfield, R. G. (2006). “Improved Membrane Absorbers,” MSc (By Research) Thesis, University of Salford, UK,. Oldfield, R. G., Drumm, I. A., and Hirst, J. (2009). “A Finite Difference Time Domain Approach to Analysing Room Effects on Wave Field Synthesis Reproduction,” 124th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Oldfield, R. G., Hargreaves, J. A., Drumm, I. A., and Moorhouse, A. T. (2011). “Implementing Wave Field Synthesis in an ITU Spec Listening Room Part 1: Keeping it at Ear Level,” IoA Reproduced Sound, Brighton. O’Neil, H. T. (1949). “The theory of focusing radiators,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 21, 516 – 524. Pulkki, V. (1997). “Virtual Sound Source Positioning Using Vector Base Amplitude Panning,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 45, 456 – 466. Rumsey, F. (2001). Spatial Audio, Focal Press, Oxford, UK. Snow, W. B. (1953). “Basic principles of stereophonic sound,” J. SMPTE, 61, 567 – 589. Song, M.-H., Choi, J.-W., and Kim, Y.-H. (2012). “A selective array activation method for the generation of a focused source considering listening position,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 131, EL156 – EL162. Song, M.-H., and Kim, Y.-H. (2011). “Acoustic Measure of Causality Artifacts for Generating Focused Source,” 43rd Conf. Audio Eng. Soc., Pohang, Korea. Sonke, J. J., De Vries, D., and Labeeuw, J. (1998). “Variable acoustics by wave field synthesis: A closer look at amplitude effects,” 104th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam. Sporer, T. (2004). “Wave field synthesis-generation and reproduction of natural sound environments,” 7th Int. Conf. on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-04),, Naples. Spors, S. (2003). “Extension of an analytic secondary source selection criterion for wave field synthesis,” 123rd Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., New York, NY. Spors, S., and Ahrens, J. (2008). “A Comparison of Wave Field Synthesis and Higher-Order Ambisonics with Respect to Physical Properties and Spatial Sampling,” 125th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., San Francisco, CA, USA. Spors, S., and Ahrens, J. (2010). “Local Sound Field Synthesis by Virtual Secondary Sources,” 40th Conf. Audio Eng. Soc., Tokyo. Spors, S., and Ahrens, J. (2010). “Analysis and Improvement of Pre-equalization in 25-Dimensional Wave Field Synthesis,” 128th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., London, UK. Spors, S., and Ahrens, J. (2010). “Reproduction of focused sources by the spectral division method,” 4th International Symposium on Communications Control and Signal Processing ISCCSP, , doi: 10.1109/ISCCSP.2010.5463335. doi:10.1109/ISCCSP.2010.5463335 Spors, S., and Ahrens, J. (2011). “Efficient range extrapolation of head-related impulse responses by wave field synthesis techniques,” International Conference on Speech and Signal Processing (ICASP), 49 – 52. Spors, S., and Rabenstein, R. (2006). “Spatial Aliasing Artifacts Produced by Linear and Circular Loudspeaker Arrays used for Wave Field Synthesis,” 120th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Paris, France. Spors, S., Rabenstein, R., and Ahrens, J. (2008). “The theory of wave field synthesis revisited,” 124th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Spors, S., Wierstorf, H., Geier, M., and Ahrens, J. (2009). “Physical and Perceptual Properties of Focused Sources in Wave Field Synthesis,” 127th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., New York, NY, USA. Springer, J. P., Sladeczek, C., Scheffler, M., Hochstrate, J., Melchior, F., and Frohlich, B. (2006). “Combining wave field synthesis and multi-viewer stereo displays,” IEEE Virtual Reality Conf., 237 – 240. Start, E. W. (1997). “Direct sound enhancement by wave field synthesis,” PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands,. Steinberg, J. C., and Snow, W. B. (1934). “Symposium on wire transmission of symphonic music and its reproduction on auditory perspective: Physical Factors,” Bell System Technical Journal, 13, 245 – 258. Theile, G. (2004). “Wave Field Synthesis - A Promising Spatial Audio Rendering Concept,” 7th Conf. on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx’04), Naples. Toole, F. (2008). Sound Reproduction: The Acoustics and Psychoacoustics of Loudspeakers and Rooms, Focal Press, Oxford, UK. Verheijen, E. N. G. (1998). Sound Reproduction by Wave Field Synthesis, PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands,TU Delft, The Netherlands. Vogel, P. (1993). Application of Wave Field Synthesis in Room Acoustics, PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands,. De Vries, D. (2009). Wave field synthesis, AES Monograph, New York. Wallach, H., Newman, E. B., and Rosenzweig, M. R. (1949). “The precedence effect in sound localization,” The American Journal of Psychology, 62, 315 – 336. Wierstorf, H., Geier, M., and Spors, S. (2010). “Reducing artifacts of focused sources in Wave Field Synthesis,” 129th Conv. Audio Eng. Soc., San Francisco, CA, USA. Williams, E. G. (1999). Fourier acoustics: sound radiation and nearfield acoustical holography, Academic Press, London, UK. Wittek, H. (2009). Perceptual differences between wavefield synthesis and stereophony, PhD Thesis, University of Surrey, UK,PhD Thesis, University of Surrey, p. PhD Thesis, University of Surrey. Wittek, H., Rumsey, F., and Theile, G. (2007). “Perceptual enhancement of wavefield synthesis by stereophonic means,” J. Audio Eng. Soc, 55, 723 – 751. Yee, K. S. (1966). “Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell’s Equations in Isotropic Media,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 14, 302 – 307. Yon, S., Tanter, M., and Fink, M. (2003). “Sound focusing in rooms: The time-reversal approach,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 113, 1533 – 1543.
URI:	https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/29510

Actions (login required)

Edit record (repository staff only)