AlRabiah, H, Allwood, JW 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-2694, Correa, ES ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-4384, Xu, Y ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-5111 and Goodacre, R ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-645X
2018,
'pH plays a role in the mode of action of trimethoprim on Escherichia coli'
, PLOS ONE, 13 (7)
, e0200272.
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Abstract
Metabolomics-based approaches were applied to understand interactions of trimethoprim with Escherichia coli K-12 at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC≈0.2, 0.03 and 0.003 mg L-1). Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and thereby is an indirect inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis. Due to the basicity of trimethoprim, two pH levels (5 and 7) were selected which mimicked healthy urine pH. This also allowed investigation of the effect on bacterial metabolism when trimethoprim exists in different ionization states. UHPLC-MS was employed to detect trimethoprim molecules inside the bacterial cell and this showed that at pH 7 more of the drug was recovered compared to pH 5; this correlated with classical growth curve measurements. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to establish recovery of reproducible phenotypes under all 8 conditions (3 drug levels and control in 2 pH levels) and GC-MS was used to generate global metabolic profiles. In addition to finding direct mode-of-action effects where nucleotides were decreased at pH 7 with increasing trimethoprim levels, off-target pH-related effects were observed for many amino acids. Additionally, stress-related effects were observed where the osmoprotectant trehalose was higher at increased antibiotic levels at pH 7. This correlated with glucose and fructose consumption and increase in pyruvate-related products as well as lactate and alanine. Alanine is a known regulator of sugar metabolism and this increase may be to enhance sugar consumption and thus trehalose production. These results provide a wider view of the action of trimethoprim. Metabolomics indicated alternative metabolism areas to be investigated to further understand the off-target effects of trimethoprim.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Schools: | Schools > School of Computing, Science and Engineering > Salford Innovation Research Centre |
| Journal or Publication Title: | PLOS ONE |
| Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203 |
| Depositing User: | Dr Elon Correa |
| Date Deposited: | 29 Mar 2019 14:55 |
| Last Modified: | 16 Feb 2022 01:33 |
| URI: | https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/50808 |
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